Contents

  • Cover
  • Front matter
  • Preface
  • Scope, purpose and use
  • 1. Terminology, economic analysis, risk management
    • 1.1 Terminology
    • 1.2 Economic analysis
    • 1.3 Understanding risk
  • 2. Regulations, consents and approvals
    • 2.1 National Environmental Standards for Plantation Forestry (NES-PF)
    • 2.2 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga
    • 2.3 The Health and Safety at Work Act
    • 2.4 NZ Transport Agency approval for access onto state highways
    • 2.5 District council approval for access onto council roads
  • 3. Planning for roads
    • 3.1 Road classes
    • 3.2 Arterial roads
    • 3.3 Secondary roads
    • 3.4 Spur roads
    • 3.5 Establishment tracks
    • 3.6 Spatial information
    • 3.7 Initial field work
    • 3.8 Manual design method: Stepping out a roadline on a topo
    • 3.9 Running a grade line in the field
    • 3.10 Full road design
    • 3.11 Working with road survey data
    • 3.12 Geometric road design
    • 3.13 Curve widening
    • 3.14 Horizontal alignment
    • 3.15 Vertical alignment
    • 3.16 Calculating the safe stopping distance
    • 3.17 Setting out the roadline
  • 4. Planning for landings
    • 4.1 Common landing layouts
    • 4.2 Landing planning considerations
  • 5. Road and landing construction
    • 5.1 Soil and rock properties
    • 5.2 Managing adverse environmental effects
    • 5.3 Marking clearing widths
    • 5.4 Roadline salvage
    • 5.5 Daylighting
    • 5.6 Road formation
    • 5.7 Drainage control during earthwork construction
    • 5.8 Earthwork machinery
    • 5.9 Estimating machinery production
    • 5.10 Stabilising cut and fill slopes during construction
  • 6. Pavement design, subgrade preparation, pavement construction
    • 6.1 Traffic loading
    • 6.2 Evaluating subgrade properties
    • 6.3 Determining pavement depth
    • 6.4 Pavement material properties
    • 6.5 Compaction of subgrade and pavement
    • 6.6 Compaction equipment
    • 6.7 Pavement construction
    • 6.8 Weak subgrades
    • 6.9 Chemical stabilisation of pavement or subgrade
  • 7. Erosion, sediment and slash control structures
    • 7.1 Ditches
    • 7.2 Cut-outs
    • 7.3 Berms
    • 7.4 Drainage culverts
    • 7.5 Flumes
    • 7.6 Sediment traps and soak holes
    • 7.7 Silt fences
    • 7.8 Sediment retention ponds
    • 7.9 Debris traps
  • 8. River crossings
    • 8.1 Fish passage
    • 8.2 Selecting the location and crossing type
    • 8.3 Fords
    • 8.4 Temporary river crossings
    • 8.5 Single culvert river crossings
    • 8.6 Battery culvert river crossings
    • 8.7 Drift deck river crossings
    • 8.8 Single span bridge river crossings
    • 8.9 Prediction of flood flows, and sizing culverts
  • 9. Road maintenance, repairs and upgrades
    • 9.1 Maintenance programme
    • 9.2 Economic evaluation of road maintenance projects
    • 9.3 Managing maintenance requirements
    • 9.4 Commonly used maintenance machinery
    • 9.5 Road surface maintenance
    • 9.6 Road foundation maintenance
    • 9.7 Landing rehabilitation and decommissioning
    • 9.8 Roadside vegetation maintenance
    • 9.9 Erosion and sediment control structure maintenance
    • 9.10 River crossing maintenance
  • Forest road engineering terminology
  • References
  • Websites, resources, databases

NZ Forest Road Engineering Manual

  1.  ›
  2. 9. Road maintenance, repairs and upgrades ›
  3. 9.4 Commonly used maintenance machinery
 

9.4 Commonly used maintenance machinery

A front-end loader and truck are good for some jobsA wheeled excavator with an angled bucket or a smaller tracked excavator with an offset boom is cost effective and versatileMatch as best as possible the available machinery with the maintenance task. This will ensure the job is done to specification, and efficiently. An experienced, trained operator will generally do a more cost-effective and better job. They will also be able to anticipate potential issues that may reduce the amount of future maintenance.

Routine maintenance normally involves the following machinery:

Light grader: Used to reshape the road, grade out any corrugations, ruts, potholes and produce a quality running surface. They can also be used to clear out certain types of ditches

Excavator: Used to excavate any soft spots within the pavement, and to clear out culvert inlets, outlets and ditches. Cleaning out sediment traps can also be completed with an excavator

Gravel trucks: Used to deliver material for replacing soft spots, and to spread gravel over the road replacing any lost running surface material. Bottom dumpers are often used because of their increased accuracy and higher production rate

Front-end loader: The wheeled front-end loader can be a useful maintenance machine, as it can easily travel along road segments thus reducing the amount of transportation required. Used for small excavation jobs, where the material is either loaded onto trucks or transported a short distance by the loader

Rubber tyre roller: Can be either towed or self-propelled. They are used to compact and seal the surface of a pavement that contains well-graded material

Smooth drum steel roller: These can be static or vibrating. They also compact and seal the pavement in situations where there is a high proportion of large material and a small proportion of fines.

Water cart: Used to apply water to the pavement so that compaction can be achieved at optimum moisture content. They can also be used to apply dust control and stabilisation agents.

Prev page Next page
Forest Owners Association

© 2023 New Zealand Forest Owners Association

Website by RS