Contents

  • Cover
  • Front matter
  • Preface
  • Scope, purpose and use
  • 1. Terminology, economic analysis, risk management
    • 1.1 Terminology
    • 1.2 Economic analysis
    • 1.3 Understanding risk
  • 2. Regulations, consents and approvals
    • 2.1 National Environmental Standards for Plantation Forestry (NES-PF)
    • 2.2 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga
    • 2.3 The Health and Safety at Work Act
    • 2.4 NZ Transport Agency approval for access onto state highways
    • 2.5 District council approval for access onto council roads
  • 3. Planning for roads
    • 3.1 Road classes
    • 3.2 Arterial roads
    • 3.3 Secondary roads
    • 3.4 Spur roads
    • 3.5 Establishment tracks
    • 3.6 Spatial information
    • 3.7 Initial field work
    • 3.8 Manual design method: Stepping out a roadline on a topo
    • 3.9 Running a grade line in the field
    • 3.10 Full road design
    • 3.11 Working with road survey data
    • 3.12 Geometric road design
    • 3.13 Curve widening
    • 3.14 Horizontal alignment
    • 3.15 Vertical alignment
    • 3.16 Calculating the safe stopping distance
    • 3.17 Setting out the roadline
  • 4. Planning for landings
    • 4.1 Common landing layouts
    • 4.2 Landing planning considerations
  • 5. Road and landing construction
    • 5.1 Soil and rock properties
    • 5.2 Managing adverse environmental effects
    • 5.3 Marking clearing widths
    • 5.4 Roadline salvage
    • 5.5 Daylighting
    • 5.6 Road formation
    • 5.7 Drainage control during earthwork construction
    • 5.8 Earthwork machinery
    • 5.9 Estimating machinery production
    • 5.10 Stabilising cut and fill slopes during construction
  • 6. Pavement design, subgrade preparation, pavement construction
    • 6.1 Traffic loading
    • 6.2 Evaluating subgrade properties
    • 6.3 Determining pavement depth
    • 6.4 Pavement material properties
    • 6.5 Compaction of subgrade and pavement
    • 6.6 Compaction equipment
    • 6.7 Pavement construction
    • 6.8 Weak subgrades
    • 6.9 Chemical stabilisation of pavement or subgrade
  • 7. Erosion, sediment and slash control structures
    • 7.1 Ditches
    • 7.2 Cut-outs
    • 7.3 Berms
    • 7.4 Drainage culverts
    • 7.5 Flumes
    • 7.6 Sediment traps and soak holes
    • 7.7 Silt fences
    • 7.8 Sediment retention ponds
    • 7.9 Debris traps
  • 8. River crossings
    • 8.1 Fish passage
    • 8.2 Selecting the location and crossing type
    • 8.3 Fords
    • 8.4 Temporary river crossings
    • 8.5 Single culvert river crossings
    • 8.6 Battery culvert river crossings
    • 8.7 Drift deck river crossings
    • 8.8 Single span bridge river crossings
    • 8.9 Prediction of flood flows, and sizing culverts
  • 9. Road maintenance, repairs and upgrades
    • 9.1 Maintenance programme
    • 9.2 Economic evaluation of road maintenance projects
    • 9.3 Managing maintenance requirements
    • 9.4 Commonly used maintenance machinery
    • 9.5 Road surface maintenance
    • 9.6 Road foundation maintenance
    • 9.7 Landing rehabilitation and decommissioning
    • 9.8 Roadside vegetation maintenance
    • 9.9 Erosion and sediment control structure maintenance
    • 9.10 River crossing maintenance
  • Forest road engineering terminology
  • References
  • Websites, resources, databases

NZ Forest Road Engineering Manual

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  2. 5. Road and landing construction ›
  3. 5.7 Drainage control during earthwork construction
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5.7 Drainage control during earthwork construction

Poor water control during construction can damage a road and cause severe erosionIt is critical not to neglect drainage during earthworks construction. Earthworks should be carried out in fully drained conditions with no free water on the working surfaces. Precautions should also be taken to control stormwater runoff from the construction site to ensure sediment is not discharged into a sensitive area.

Temporary drainage controls should be constructed to direct stormwater away from areas of operation and/or to drain water whenever it is seen to pond. All fill surfaces should be graded and rolled at the end of each day’s work to prevent ponding and erosion. Temporary drainage will frequently include cut-off ditches to deflect stormwater runoff, temporary diversion of natural surface drainage away from the work site including bunds and sloping the cut and fill surfaces to prevent ponding and infiltration. Any materials that have become too wet or soft should be removed and dried or replaced.

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