Contents

  • Cover
  • Front matter
  • Introduction
  • Identifying and managing risk
    • Risk overview
    • Working smart and efficiently
    • Starting the job – be prepared
    • The job is not finished until it is signed-off
  • Basics
    • Roading terms
    • Basics about soil
  • Good construction
    • A well-constructed road
    • A well-constructed landing
  • Earthworks
    • The right machine for the task
    • Clearing and stripping
    • Cut and side cast construction
    • Cut and bench fill construction
    • Full bench construction with end-haul
    • Earthworks compaction
    • Landing construction
    • Forming road corners and in-bends
    • Final grading before metalling
    • Stabilising cut/fill slopes
  • Water control
    • Water control overview
    • Ditches
    • Road drainage culverts
    • Berms and cut-outs
    • Flumes
    • Silt traps and soak holes
    • Silt fences
    • Single culvert river crossings
    • Ford crossings
    • Bridges
  • Applying aggregate (metalling)
  • Repairs and maintenance
    • R&M overview
    • R&M common to new construction
    • R&M of road formation
    • R&M during harvesting operations
    • R&M of river crossings
  • Assisting loggers and harvesting rehab
    • Installing deadmen
    • Installing debris traps
    • Harvesting track rehabilitation (rehab)
    • Harvesting track rehabilitation – cut-outs
    • Landing rehab
  • Want to learn more?
  • Glossary

NZ Forest Road Engineering Manual: Operators Guide

  1.  ›
  2. Water control ›
  3. Flumes
 

Flumes

Flumes channel water over fill and onto more stable ground. They can also be used to direct water into sediment controls, like sediment traps or slash.

  • The flume has a well-constructed inlet
  • The inlet is at least twice the pipe diameter
  • Water will not bypass the entrance
  • The flume entranceway was bypassed when the fill eroded around it during a storm
  • The flume has good fall to reduce silting within it
  • The flume follows the ground shape
  • The flume exit has slash to armour the outlet and help stop erosion
  • The flume is firmly secured with pegs
  • Flumes with internal ribs help slow the speed of water
  • The flume outlet has failed
  • The outlet was not armoured, and erosion has led to the undermined pipe
  • The flume sits on the ground so the water’s weight is supported
  • The flume is firmly fixed with pegs
  • The water runs onto more stable ground
  • No fluming caused the fill slope to fail
  • The fill will continue to erode and sediment will enter the nearby stream
  • Both flumes have too few pegs
  • The top flume inlet is likely to be bypassed in a storm
  • The bottom flume is expected to fill with debris, because the slope above it has loose material that can spill into it
  • Corrugated iron should not be used
  • Flumes that do not follow the ground often fail
  • Corrugated plastic flumes are better. They slow the water’s speed, and joints seal between flume sections. These are less likely to move once secured
  • Culvert sock flumes are an option to direct water over long and unstable fill
  • The sock is well pegged
  • Inspect socks regularly, as they are prone to blocking
  • Poorly pegged and maintained socks are prone to rolling and moving in wind gusts
  • Once blocked they often fail
  • Consider using flexible full round corrugated pipes for very windy conditions
  • May be better than half pipes or socks
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