Contents

  • Cover
  • Front matter
  • Introduction
  • Identifying and managing risk
    • Risk overview
    • Working smart and efficiently
    • Starting the job – be prepared
    • The job is not finished until it is signed-off
  • Basics
    • Roading terms
    • Basics about soil
  • Good construction
    • A well-constructed road
    • A well-constructed landing
  • Earthworks
    • The right machine for the task
    • Clearing and stripping
    • Cut and side cast construction
    • Cut and bench fill construction
    • Full bench construction with end-haul
    • Earthworks compaction
    • Landing construction
    • Forming road corners and in-bends
    • Final grading before metalling
    • Stabilising cut/fill slopes
  • Water control
    • Water control overview
    • Ditches
    • Road drainage culverts
    • Berms and cut-outs
    • Flumes
    • Silt traps and soak holes
    • Silt fences
    • Single culvert river crossings
    • Ford crossings
    • Bridges
  • Applying aggregate (metalling)
  • Repairs and maintenance
    • R&M overview
    • R&M common to new construction
    • R&M of road formation
    • R&M during harvesting operations
    • R&M of river crossings
  • Assisting loggers and harvesting rehab
    • Installing deadmen
    • Installing debris traps
    • Harvesting track rehabilitation (rehab)
    • Harvesting track rehabilitation – cut-outs
    • Landing rehab
  • Want to learn more?
  • Glossary

NZ Forest Road Engineering Manual: Operators Guide

  1.  ›
  2. Earthworks ›
  3. Full bench construction with end-haul
 

Full bench construction with end-haul

Full bench construction removes all the fill, so the road is built on the hard. These roads create large volumes of spoil that needs to be carted away (end-hauled).

Diagram 3: End-haul (full bench) construction to eliminate fill
  • End-haul is expensive. Reduce costs by having a place close by to dump spoil
  • Full bench creates large cut slopes

When should end-haul be used?

  • When slopes are too steep or unstable to place fill
  • When the risk of fill failure is unacceptable. For example, when close to a stream
  • Caution: Full bench can create road instability in some soil types. For example, in earth flow terrain
  • Full benching would have stopped the spoil reaching the watercourse
  • Side slopes were too steep to hold the fill, so it spilt to the bottom of the slope
  • The arrow points to an excavator
Diagram 4: End-haul road construction methods
  • Effective one pass team. A dump truck and a close spoil dumping area kept costs down
  • A dump truck was used to maximise the load. Its tyres also help with compaction
  • The spoil was dumped at a close and well-prepared location

Carefully locate spoil areas. The site may need to be benched, compacted and water controlled

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