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NZ Forest Road Engineering Manual
Front matter
Preface
Scope, purpose and use
1. Terminology, economic analysis, risk management
1.1 Terminology
1.2 Economic analysis
1.3 Understanding risk
2. Regulations, consents and approvals
2.1 National Environmental Standards for Plantation Forestry (NES-PF)
2.2 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga
2.3 The Health and Safety at Work Act
2.4 NZ Transport Agency approval for access onto state highways
2.5 District council approval for access onto council roads
3. Planning for roads
3.1 Road classes
3.2 Arterial roads
3.3 Secondary roads
3.4 Spur roads
3.5 Establishment tracks
3.6 Spatial information
3.7 Initial field work
3.8 Manual design method: Stepping out a roadline on a topo
3.9 Running a grade line in the field
3.10 Full road design
3.11 Working with road survey data
3.12 Geometric road design
3.13 Curve widening
3.14 Horizontal alignment
3.15 Vertical alignment
3.16 Calculating the safe stopping distance
3.17 Setting out the roadline
4. Planning for landings
4.1 Common landing layouts
4.2 Landing planning considerations
5. Road and landing construction
5.1 Soil and rock properties
5.2 Managing adverse environmental effects
5.3 Marking clearing widths
5.4 Roadline salvage
5.5 Daylighting
5.6 Road formation
5.7 Drainage control during earthwork construction
5.8 Earthwork machinery
5.9 Estimating machinery production
5.10 Stabilising cut and fill slopes during construction
6. Pavement design, subgrade preparation, pavement construction
6.1 Traffic loading
6.2 Evaluating subgrade properties
6.3 Determining pavement depth
6.4 Pavement material properties
6.5 Compaction of subgrade and pavement
6.6 Compaction equipment
6.7 Pavement construction
6.8 Weak subgrades
6.9 Chemical stabilisation of pavement or subgrade
7. Erosion, sediment and slash control structures
7.1 Ditches
7.2 Cut-outs
7.3 Berms
7.4 Drainage culverts
7.5 Flumes
7.6 Sediment traps and soak holes
7.7 Silt fences
7.8 Sediment retention ponds
7.9 Debris traps
8. River crossings
8.1 Fish passage
8.2 Selecting the location and crossing type
8.3 Fords
8.4 Temporary river crossings
8.5 Single culvert river crossings
8.6 Battery culvert river crossings
8.7 Drift deck river crossings
8.8 Single span bridge river crossings
8.9 Prediction of flood flows, and sizing culverts
9. Road maintenance, repairs and upgrades
9.1 Maintenance programme
9.2 Economic evaluation of road maintenance projects
9.3 Managing maintenance requirements
9.4 Commonly used maintenance machinery
9.5 Road surface maintenance
9.6 Road foundation maintenance
9.7 Landing rehabilitation and decommissioning
9.8 Roadside vegetation maintenance
9.9 Erosion and sediment control structure maintenance
9.10 River crossing maintenance
Forest road engineering terminology
References
Websites, resources, databases
NZ Forest Road Engineering Manual: Operators Guide
Front matter
Introduction
Identifying and managing risk
Risk overview
Working smart and efficiently
Starting the job – be prepared
The job is not finished until it is signed-off
Basics
Roading terms
Basics about soil
Good construction
A well-constructed road
A well-constructed landing
Earthworks
The right machine for the task
Clearing and stripping
Cut and side cast construction
Cut and bench fill construction
Full bench construction with end-haul
Earthworks compaction
Landing construction
Forming road corners and in-bends
Final grading before metalling
Stabilising cut/fill slopes
Water control
Water control overview
Ditches
Road drainage culverts
Berms and cut-outs
Flumes
Silt traps and soak holes
Silt fences
Single culvert river crossings
Ford crossings
Bridges
Applying aggregate (metalling)
Repairs and maintenance
R&M overview
R&M common to new construction
R&M of road formation
R&M during harvesting operations
R&M of river crossings
Assisting loggers and harvesting rehab
Installing deadmen
Installing debris traps
Harvesting track rehabilitation (rehab)
Harvesting track rehabilitation – cut-outs
Landing rehab
Want to learn more?
Glossary
Forest Practice Guides
Glossary
Amalgamated Guides (2.0)
Earthworks Construction
1.1 Earthworks Construction – Planning and Design (2.0)
1.2 Earthworks Construction – Clearing and Stripping (2.0)
1.3 Earthworks Construction – Bulk Earthworks (2.0)
1.4 Earthworks Construction – Fill Construction and Compaction (2.0)
Erosion and Sediment Control Measures
2.1 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Water Tables (2.0)
2.2 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Cut-outs (2.0)
2.3 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Berms (2.0)
2.4 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Road Drainage (Stormwater) Culverts (2.0)
2.5 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Flumes (2.0)
2.6 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Sediment Traps and Soak Holes (2.0)
2.7 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Silt Fences (2.0)
2.8 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Sediment Retention Ponds (2.0)
Crossings
3.1 Crossings – Battery Culvert River Crossings (2.0)
3.2 Crossings – Drift Deck River Crossings (2.0)
3.3 Crossings – Ford Crossings (2.0)
3.4 Crossings – Single Culvert River Crossings (2.0)
3.5 Crossings – Single Span River Bridge Crossings (2.0)
3.6 Crossings – Temporary Crossings (2.0)
Tracks
4.1 Tracks – Track Construction and Use (2.0)
4.2 Tracks – Track Rehabilitation (2.0)
Vegetation to Manage Erosion
5.1 Vegetation to Manage Erosion – Grassing (2.0)
5.2 Vegetation to Manage Erosion – Hydro-seeding (2.0)
5.3 Vegetation to Manage Erosion – Applying Mulch (2.0)
5.4 Vegetation to Manage Erosion – Slash (2.0)
Harvest Slash
6.1 Harvest Slash – Managing Processing Slash on Landings (2.0)
6.2 Harvest Slash – Managing Cut-Over Slash on High Risk Slopes (2.0)
6.3 Harvest Slash – Managing Slash in and around Rivers (2.0)
6.4 Harvest Slash – Slash Traps (2.0)
Amalgamated Guides: Archived version June 2019
