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2.3 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Berms (2.0)

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2.3 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Berms (2.0)

Summary

This guide covers berms. Berms are low embankments typically on the outside edge of a road or landing. They are constructed to channel stormwater to cut-outs and act as additional erosion and sediment control measures. Berms are part of a family of stormwater control techniques that can increase the life of a road or landing and associated fill slopes, by reducing erosion.

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9

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    • NZ Forest Road Engineering Manual
      • Front matter
      • Preface
      • Scope, purpose and use
      • 1. Terminology, economic analysis, risk management
        • 1.1 Terminology
        • 1.2 Economic analysis
        • 1.3 Understanding risk
      • 2. Regulations, consents and approvals
        • 2.1 National Environmental Standards for Plantation Forestry (NES-PF)
        • 2.2 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga
        • 2.3 The Health and Safety at Work Act
        • 2.4 NZ Transport Agency approval for access onto state highways
        • 2.5 District council approval for access onto council roads
      • 3. Planning for roads
        • 3.1 Road classes
        • 3.2 Arterial roads
        • 3.3 Secondary roads
        • 3.4 Spur roads
        • 3.5 Establishment tracks
        • 3.6 Spatial information
        • 3.7 Initial field work
        • 3.8 Manual design method: Stepping out a roadline on a topo
        • 3.9 Running a grade line in the field
        • 3.10 Full road design
        • 3.11 Working with road survey data
        • 3.12 Geometric road design
        • 3.13 Curve widening
        • 3.14 Horizontal alignment
        • 3.15 Vertical alignment
        • 3.16 Calculating the safe stopping distance
        • 3.17 Setting out the roadline
      • 4. Planning for landings
        • 4.1 Common landing layouts
        • 4.2 Landing planning considerations
      • 5. Road and landing construction
        • 5.1 Soil and rock properties
        • 5.2 Managing adverse environmental effects
        • 5.3 Marking clearing widths
        • 5.4 Roadline salvage
        • 5.5 Daylighting
        • 5.6 Road formation
        • 5.7 Drainage control during earthwork construction
        • 5.8 Earthwork machinery
        • 5.9 Estimating machinery production
        • 5.10 Stabilising cut and fill slopes during construction
      • 6. Pavement design, subgrade preparation, pavement construction
        • 6.1 Traffic loading
        • 6.2 Evaluating subgrade properties
        • 6.3 Determining pavement depth
        • 6.4 Pavement material properties
        • 6.5 Compaction of subgrade and pavement
        • 6.6 Compaction equipment
        • 6.7 Pavement construction
        • 6.8 Weak subgrades
        • 6.9 Chemical stabilisation of pavement or subgrade
      • 7. Erosion, sediment and slash control structures
        • 7.1 Ditches
        • 7.2 Cut-outs
        • 7.3 Berms
        • 7.4 Drainage culverts
        • 7.5 Flumes
        • 7.6 Sediment traps and soak holes
        • 7.7 Silt fences
        • 7.8 Sediment retention ponds
        • 7.9 Debris traps
      • 8. River crossings
        • 8.1 Fish passage
        • 8.2 Selecting the location and crossing type
        • 8.3 Fords
        • 8.4 Temporary river crossings
        • 8.5 Single culvert river crossings
        • 8.6 Battery culvert river crossings
        • 8.7 Drift deck river crossings
        • 8.8 Single span bridge river crossings
        • 8.9 Prediction of flood flows, and sizing culverts
      • 9. Road maintenance, repairs and upgrades
        • 9.1 Maintenance programme
        • 9.2 Economic evaluation of road maintenance projects
        • 9.3 Managing maintenance requirements
        • 9.4 Commonly used maintenance machinery
        • 9.5 Road surface maintenance
        • 9.6 Road foundation maintenance
        • 9.7 Landing rehabilitation and decommissioning
        • 9.8 Roadside vegetation maintenance
        • 9.9 Erosion and sediment control structure maintenance
        • 9.10 River crossing maintenance
      • Forest road engineering terminology
      • References
      • Websites, resources, databases
    • NZ Forest Road Engineering Manual: Operators Guide
      • Front matter
      • Introduction
      • Identifying and managing risk
        • Risk overview
        • Working smart and efficiently
        • Starting the job – be prepared
        • The job is not finished until it is signed-off
      • Basics
        • Roading terms
        • Basics about soil
      • Good construction
        • A well-constructed road
        • A well-constructed landing
      • Earthworks
        • The right machine for the task
        • Clearing and stripping
        • Cut and side cast construction
        • Cut and bench fill construction
        • Full bench construction with end-haul
        • Earthworks compaction
        • Landing construction
        • Forming road corners and in-bends
        • Final grading before metalling
        • Stabilising cut/fill slopes
      • Water control
        • Water control overview
        • Ditches
        • Road drainage culverts
        • Berms and cut-outs
        • Flumes
        • Silt traps and soak holes
        • Silt fences
        • Single culvert river crossings
        • Ford crossings
        • Bridges
      • Applying aggregate (metalling)
      • Repairs and maintenance
        • R&M overview
        • R&M common to new construction
        • R&M of road formation
        • R&M during harvesting operations
        • R&M of river crossings
      • Assisting loggers and harvesting rehab
        • Installing deadmen
        • Installing debris traps
        • Harvesting track rehabilitation (rehab)
        • Harvesting track rehabilitation – cut-outs
        • Landing rehab
      • Want to learn more?
      • Glossary
  • Forest Practice Guides
    • Glossary
    • Amalgamated Guides (2.0)
    • Earthworks Construction
      • 1.1 Earthworks Construction – Planning and Design (2.0)
      • 1.2 Earthworks Construction – Clearing and Stripping (2.0)
      • 1.3 Earthworks Construction – Bulk Earthworks (2.0)
      • 1.4 Earthworks Construction – Fill Construction and Compaction (2.0)
    • Erosion and Sediment Control Measures
      • 2.1 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Water Tables (2.0)
      • 2.2 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Cut-outs (2.0)
      • 2.3 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Berms (2.0)
      • 2.4 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Road Drainage (Stormwater) Culverts (2.0)
      • 2.5 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Flumes (2.0)
      • 2.6 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Sediment Traps and Soak Holes (2.0)
      • 2.7 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Silt Fences (2.0)
      • 2.8 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures – Sediment Retention Ponds (2.0)
    • Crossings
      • 3.1 Crossings – Battery Culvert River Crossings (2.0)
      • 3.2 Crossings – Drift Deck River Crossings (2.0)
      • 3.3 Crossings – Ford Crossings (2.0)
      • 3.4 Crossings – Single Culvert River Crossings (2.0)
      • 3.5 Crossings – Single Span River Bridge Crossings (2.0)
      • 3.6 Crossings – Temporary Crossings (2.0)
    • Tracks
      • 4.1 Tracks – Track Construction and Use (2.0)
      • 4.2 Tracks – Track Rehabilitation (2.0)
    • Vegetation to Manage Erosion
      • 5.1 Vegetation to Manage Erosion – Grassing (2.0)
      • 5.2 Vegetation to Manage Erosion – Hydro-seeding (2.0)
      • 5.3 Vegetation to Manage Erosion – Applying Mulch (2.0)
      • 5.4 Vegetation to Manage Erosion – Slash (2.0)
    • Harvest Slash
      • 6.1 Harvest Slash – Managing Processing Slash on Landings (2.0)
      • 6.2 Harvest Slash – Managing Cut-Over Slash on High Risk Slopes (2.0)
      • 6.3 Harvest Slash – Managing Slash in and around Rivers (2.0)
      • 6.4 Harvest Slash – Slash Traps (2.0)
    • Amalgamated Guides: Archived version June 2019